Hyperactivity Disorder Patients Research Articles

Network structure of symptomatology of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with mood disorders.

Patients with mood disorders commonly manifest comorbid psychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, few studies have evaluated ADHD symptoms in this population. The current study aimed to explore the network structure of ADHD symptomology and identify central symptoms in patients with mood disorders. The Korean version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale was used to assess the overall ADHD symptoms in 1,086 individuals diagnosed with mood disorders (major depressive disorder [n = 373], bipolar I disorder [n = 314], and bipolar II disorder [n = 399]). We used exploratory graph analysisto detect the number ofcommunities, and the network structure was analyzed using regularized partial correlation models. We identified the central ADHD symptom using centrality indices. Network comparison tests were conducted with different subgroups of patients with mood disorders, including three mood diagnosis groups, between the patients who met the diagnostic criteria for ADHD [ADHD-suspected, n = 259] in their self-report and the others [ADHD-non-suspected, n = 827], and groups with high [n = 503] versus low [n = 252] levels of depressive state. The network analysis detected four communities: disorganization, agitation/restlessness, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and inattention. The centrality indices indicated that "feeling restless" was the core ADHD symptom. The result was replicated in the subgroup analyses within our clinically diverse population of mood disorders, encompassing three presentations: Patients with suspected ADHD, patients without suspected ADHD, and patients with a high depressive state. Our findings reveal that "feeling restless" is the central ADHD symptom. The treatment intervention for "feeling restless" may thus play a pivotal role in tackling ADHD symptoms in adult patients with mood disorders.

A convolution-based in vitro-in vivo correlation model for methylphenidate hydrochloride delayed-release and extended-release capsule.

Delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate hydrochloride (JORNAY PM®) is a novel capsule formulation of methylphenidate hydrochloride, used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients 6 years and older. In this paper, we develop a Level A invitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) model for extended-release methylphenidate hydrochloride to support post-approval manufacturing changes by evaluating a point-to-point correlation between the fraction of drug dissolved invitro and the fraction of drug absorbed invivo. Dissolution data from an invitro study of three different release formulations: fast, medium, and slow, and pharmacokinetic data from two invivo studies were used to develop an IVIVC model using a convolution-based approach. The time-course of the drug concentration resulting from an arbitrary dose was considered as a function of the invivo drug absorption and the disposition and elimination processes defined by the unit impulse response function using the convolution integral. An IVIVC was incorporated in the model due to the temporal difference seen in the scatterplots of the estimated fraction of drug absorbed invivo and the fraction of drug dissolved invitro and Levy plots. Finally, the IVIVC model was subjected to evaluation of internal predictability. This IVIVC model can be used to predict invivo profiles for different invitro profiles of extended-release methylphenidate hydrochloride.

Effect of methylphenidate on height in pediatric attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methylphenidate (MPH), a first-line treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) management, has been the focus of debate for decades regarding its effect on growth. The aim of this PRISMA meta-analysis was to determine the effect of MPH on height in children/adolescents with ADHD and its predictive factors based on literature reports. Available full-text articles were systematically reviewed to identify clinical studies of pediatric ADHD patients with height Z-score (HZS) data for monotherapy MPH-treated and non-treated groups. We estimated standardized mean differences (SMDs) of HZS or its changes from baseline (ΔHZS) between groups, then identified associated factors through subgroup analyses and meta-regression. For before-after treatment studies, the paired standard errors of ΔHZS were re-estimated to demonstrate in the forest plot. Risk of bias was analyzed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Among the 29 eligible studies, 26 reported ΔHZS with self-control groups, and ΔHZS or absolute HZS were compared to other external controls in 11 studies. A significant reduction was observed between post-MHP and pre-MPH use, with high heterogeneity (SMD =  - 0.40; 95% confidence interval = [ - 0.54,  - 0.27]; I2 = 91%). The study region, ADHD subtype, and stimulant-naïve status of patients at baseline may modify the effect on HZS. Because of the high clinical heterogeneity in observational studies, clinicians should consider the negative effect of MPH on height in ADHD patients by determining whether patients fulfill appropriate high-risk criteria. Further well-designed longitudinal studies are required to better quantify this effect, especially with prolonged treatment.

Sports Preferences in children and adolescents in psychiatric care – evaluation of a new Questionnaire (SPOQ)

Background: As part of an exploratory and hypothesis-generating study, the Sports Preference Questionnaire (SPOQ) was developed to survey the athletic behavior of mentally ill children and adolescents, subjectively assessing physical fitness and the perceived psychological effects of physical activity. Methods: In a department of child and adolescent psychiatry, 313 patients (6 years - 18 years) were classified according to their primary psychiatric diagnosis. The patients or - in the parental version of the questionnaire - their parents reported their sports preferences on the SPOQ. As possibly influential factors, also the frequency of physical activity, the importance of a trainer, coping with everyday life through physical activity, and subjectively perceived physical fitness were assessed. Results: One in 3 patients stated that they were not physically active. Patients diagnosed with eating disorders reported, on average, a notably high frequency and degree of coping with daily life through physical activity. Patients with anxiety disorders and depression had the lowest self-perception of physical fitness. The presence of a trainer was generally considered very unimportant, but not in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) patients. Conclusion: The SPOQ is sensitive to differential effects of core child and adolescent disorders as well as to main covariates influencing the complex association between physical activity and emotional and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. Based on this pilot study, the need for an efficacy study to measure the effects of sports therapy was discussed.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with seizures: Functional seizures vs. epilepsy

BackgroundWe investigated the rates of positive screening for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults with seizures [i.e., focal epilepsy vs. idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) vs. functional seizures (FS)]. We hypothesized that the rates of positive screening for ADHD are different between these three groups of patients. MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Patients, 19 to 55 years of age, with a diagnosis of IGE, focal epilepsy or FS were investigated at the outpatient epilepsy clinic at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, from September 2022 until January 2023 and during their follow-up visits. We used the validated Persian version of Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1)15 to investigate and screen for ADHD in these patients. ResultsForty patients with focal epilepsy, 40 with IGE, and 40 with FS were included. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) screening was positive in 35% of patients with FS, in 30% of those with focal epilepsy (compared with FS, p = 0.633), and in 10% of patients with IGE (compared with FS, p = 0.007). ConclusionAdult patients with functional seizures and those with focal epilepsy are at a high risk of self-reporting experiences that could be characteristic of ADHD. Screening tools [e.g., Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1)] are useful to help clinicians address seizure comorbidities such as ADHD. However, a clinical diagnosis of ADHD should be ascertained in a patient with positive screening.

Evaluation of the frequency of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with asthma

BackgroundAsthma is the most prevalent respiratory disease caused by chronic airway inflammation. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is children's most common psychological and neurodevelopmental disorder. Increased risk for ADHD in patients with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases supports the role of inflammatory mechanisms in the occurrence of ADHD. However, the association between asthma and ADHD remains unclear.ObjectiveThis study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of ADHD in patients with asthma who were referred to the clinic of allergy and clinical immunology.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on children aged 6 to 18 with asthma at Imam Ali hospital, Karaj, Iran. The patient's demographic data, history of childbirth delivery type, premature birth, hospital admission, family income, birth rate, and family history information related to the patient's asthma and medicines were recorded. ADHD diagnosis was made using the Persian version of Conners Parent Behavioral Problems Rating Scale (CPRS-26).ResultsIn this study, 677 asthmatic patients were enrolled; 46 patients (6.8%) had ADHD. The probability of ADHD in asthmatic patients inhabited in a rural area, males, and patients with a history of food allergy, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and eczema was significantly higher (p < 0.05). In addition, our result demonstrated that the likelihood of ADHD in patients with asthma and a history of PICU admission was significantly higher (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe present study showed that severe asthma, was the risk factor for ADHD in patients with asthma. Physicians should be aware of this co-morbidity to refer asthmatic patients who have the symptoms of ADHD to a psychologist.

DNA methylation epi-signature and biological age in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients

ObjectiveAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioral syndrome that begins in childhood and affects 3.4% of children worldwide. Due to its etiological complexity, there are no consistent biomarkers for ADHD, however the high heritability presented by the disorder indicates a genetic/epigenetic influence. The main epigenetic mechanism is DNA methylation, a process with an important role in gene expression and in many psychiatric disorders. Thus, our study sought to identify epi-signatures biomarkers in 29 children clinically diagnosed with ADHD. MethodsAfter DNA extraction and bisulfite conversion, we performed methylation array experiment for differential methylation, ontological and biological age analysis. ResultsThe biological response in ADHD patients was not sufficient to determine a conclusive epi-signature in our study. However, our results highlighted the interaction of energy metabolism and oxidative stress pathways in ADHD patients detected by differential methylation patterns. Furthermore, we were able to identify a marginal association between the DNAmAge and ADHD. ConclusionOur study present new methylation biomarkers findings associated with energy metabolism and oxidative stress pathways, in addition to DNAmAge in ADHD patients. However, we propose that further multiethnic studies, with larger cohorts and including maternal conditions, are necessary to demonstrate a definitive association between ADHD and these methylation biomarkers.

A spectral sampling algorithm in dynamic causal modelling for resting-state fMRI.

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is widely utilized to study the directed influences among neural populations which were called effective connectivity (EC), and the spectral dynamic causal modelling (spDCM) is the state-of-the-art framework to identify them. However, spDCM used variational Laplace to approximate the posterior density by maximizing the free energy, which might underestimate the variability of posterior density and get locked to the local minima. A spectral sampling algorithm (SS-DCM) was proposed to improve the estimation accuracy of the dynamic causal model for rs-fMRI. In SS-DCM, a naïve Bayesian model was constructed in the spectral domain, which described the probabilistic relationship between the sampled parameters and cross spectra of the observed blood oxygen level-dependent signals, and the parameters were sampled using randomly walked Markov Chain Monto Carlo scheme. The root mean square errors of the estimation of EC and hemodynamic parameters of SS-DCM, spDCM and generalized filter scheme were compared in the synthetic data, and SS-DCM was the most accurate and stable. A comparative evaluation using empirical rs-fMRI data was performed to study the EC pattern of the default mode network and compare the accuracy of classification between typically developed subjects and inattentive attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder patients. The results showed high consistency of positivity and negativity of EC between spDCM and SS-DCM, and SS-DCM also provided higher classification accuracy. It is highlighted that SS-DCM improves the accuracy of the estimation of EC and provides accurate information of discrepancies between diseased and healthy subjects using rs-fMRI.

Growth rates of human induced pluripotent stem cells and neural stem cells from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients: a preliminary study

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental polygenic disorder that affects more than 5% of children and adolescents around the world. Genetic and environmental factors play important roles in ADHD etiology, which leads to a wide range of clinical outcomes and biological phenotypes across the population. Brain maturation delays of a 4-year lag are commonly found in patients, when compared to controls of the same age. Possible differences in cellular growth rates might reflect the clinical observations in ADHD patients. However, the cellular mechanisms are still not elucidated. To test this hypothesis, we analysed the proliferation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from male children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and with genetic predisposition to it (assessed using polygenic risk scores), as well as their respective matched controls. In the current pilot study, it was noticeable that NSCs from the ADHD group proliferate less than controls, while no differences were seen at the iPSC developmental stage. Our results from two distinct proliferation methods indicate that the functional and structural delays found in patients might be associated with these in vitro phenotypic differences, but start at a distinct neurodevelopmental stage. These findings are the first ones in the field of disease modelling of ADHD and might be crucial to better understand the pathophysiology of this disorder.

Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS) as a potential side-effect in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) patients undergoing Methylphenidate treatment

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Normative model detects abnormal functional connectivity in psychiatric disorders.

The diagnosis of psychiatric disorders is mostly based on the clinical evaluation of the patient's signs and symptoms. Deep learning binary-based classification models have been developed to improve the diagnosis but have not yet reached clinical practice, in part due to the heterogeneity of such disorders. Here, we propose a normative model based on autoencoders. We trained our autoencoder on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from healthy controls. The model was then tested on schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients to estimate how each patient deviated from the norm and associate it with abnormal functional brain networks' (FBNs) connectivity. Rs-fMRI data processing was conducted within the FMRIB Software Library (FSL), which included independent component analysis and dual regression. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the extracted blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) time series of all FBNs were calculated, and a correlation matrix was generated for each subject. We found that the functional connectivity related to the basal ganglia network seems to play an important role in the neuropathology of BD and SCZ, whereas in ADHD, its role is less evident. Moreover, the abnormal connectivity between the basal ganglia network and the language network is more specific to BD. The connectivity between the higher visual network and the right executive control and the connectivity between the anterior salience network and the precuneus networks are the most relevant in SCZ and ADHD, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed model could identify functional connectivity patterns that characterize different psychiatric disorders, in agreement with the literature. The abnormal connectivity patterns from the two independent SCZ groups of patients were similar, demonstrating that the presented normative model was also generalizable. However, the group-level differences did not withstand individual-level analysis implying that psychiatric disorders are highly heterogeneous. These findings suggest that a precision-based medical approach, focusing on each patient's specific functional network changes may be more beneficial than the traditional group-based diagnostic classification.

Effects of yoga and pranayama on attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients

Effects of yoga and pranayama on attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients

Acupuncture for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients often use complementary and alternative medicine to treat symptoms, and acupuncture is one option. This systematic review aims to assess whether acupuncture is an effective treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We will search nine databases from their inception: PubMed, AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, RISS, KoreaMed, KISS, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database. Two investigators will independently review the selected studies, extract the data, and analyze them. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool will be used to assess the risk of bias. Because this is a systematic review, no ethical approval is needed. The systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated both electronically and in print. The review will be updated to support health policy and practice. Reviewregistry1345.

Sex-related differences in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients – An analysis of external globus pallidus functional connectivity in resting-state functional MRI

In the last two decades, there has been a growing body of research that identified sex-related differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Our objective was to quantify whether these sex differences are based on altered functional brain connectivity profiles. In addition, we investigated whether the presence of comorbid disorders, including depression, substance use disorder (SUD) and overweight, influenced these sex differences. A seed-based connectivity analysis of the external globus pallidus (GPe), an important inhibitory relay hub of the fronto-thalamo-striatal-loop, was performed. In a first step, we searched for sex-related differences in ADHD patients (N = 137) and separately in healthy controls (HC) (N = 45), after that, we compared an equal group of HC and ADHD patients to compare sex-related differences in ADHD patients and HC. In a second step, we studied whether the neural basis of comorbidity patterns is different between male and female patients. We observed that male ADHD patients demonstrated a decrease in functional connectivity (FC) from the GPe to the left middle temporal gyrus compared to female ADHD patients. Moreover, within the full ADHD group (N = 137), there was a lower FC in male patients from GPe to the right frontal pole/middle frontal gyrus compared to female patients. Male ADHD patients with depression demonstrated decreased FC from the GPe to parts of the occipital cortex compared to female ADHD patients with depression. No such effect was demonstrated for overweight or SUD. The current study reveals different FC profiles in males and females with ADHD, which are centered around altered connectivity with the GPe. An improved understanding of sex-differences in ADHD, and the role of comorbid disorders, therein can result in improved diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for ADHD patients.

Patterns of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medicine use in the era of new non-stimulant medicines: A population-based study among Australian children and adults (2013-2020).

New therapeutic options such as lisdexamfetamine and guanfacine have recently become available for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We described contemporary patterns of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medicine use among children, adolescents and adults in Australia. This population-based study used dispensing data for a 10% random sample of Australian residents between July 2012 and December 2020. We estimated the annual prevalence and incidence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medicines, second-line guanfacine use and examined concurrent medicine use of both stimulants and non-stimulants. We followed incident users for up to 5 years and analysed treatment persistence using a novel proportion of people covered method. Analyses were stratified by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medicine, sex and age group; young children (0-5 years), children (6-12 years), adolescents (13-17 years), young adults (18-24 years) and adults (⩾25 years). We observed a twofold increase in the overall prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medicine use between 2013 and 2020, from 4.9 to 9.7 per 1000 persons. Incident use also increased across all age groups and both sexes, with the most pronounced increases among adolescent females (from 1.4 to 5.3 per 1000 persons). Stimulant treatment persistence after 5 years was highest among those initiating treatment as young children (64%) and children (69%) and lowest among those initiating treatment in adolescence (19%). Concurrent use of stimulants and non-stimulants was more common among males and younger age groups. Most children (87%) initiating guanfacine had prior dispensings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medicines. We observed increasing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medicine use in Australia, especially among young females. Nevertheless, treatment rates remain lower than the estimated prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across all subpopulations. Poor long-term treatment persistence in adolescence may warrant improved clinical monitoring of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients transitioning from paediatric to adult care. Reassuringly, use of newly approved guanfacine appeared to be in accordance with guidelines among children.

Time-dependent affective disturbances in abstinent patients with methylphenidate use disorder

BackgroundMethylphenidate (MPH), also called Ritalin, is used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. With occasional reports of subjects suffering from Methylphenidate use disorder (MPHUD), few studies analyzed the neuropsychological changes in this population.PurposeThis study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of individuals with MPHUD.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 61 MPH patients (aged 16–27 years) admitted to the Beijing Gaoxin Hospital drug rehabilitation program from Jan 2017 to Mar 2019. The drug use history and drug abuse motivation scale were collected at admission. Clinicians rated the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and DSM-5 Stimulant use disorder criteria each week during the 4 weeks rehabilitation program. Correlation analyses were conducted between drug use history and affective disturbances.ResultsThe results showed that the adolescent period is the peak for MPH exposure, and 1/3 of patients got their first exposure to MPH from their parents. MPH abstinence accompanies severe anxiety and depression symptoms, significantly alleviating after four weeks of treatment.ConclusionsMPHUD is associated with substantial affective disturbances, which warrants a more considerable sample investigation.

Prevalence of obesity in treated and untreated patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis.

To discuss and summarize the scholarly published literature on the difference in obesity rate in treated and untreated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients to evaluate the influence of ADHD medication on weight status in these individuals. PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched for eligible articles from January to December 2020 using the following medical subject headings (MeSH) terms: "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other hyperactivity disorders", "obesity and overweight", "obesity treatment". A total of 19,449 study participants included in selected 8 studies were assessed with respect to the prevalence of obesity in medicated and unmedicated subgroups of ADHD patients. The total number of ADHD patients with the prescribed medication was 10,279, while the number of unmedicated ADHD patients was 9,170. The odds ratio was 0.65 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.50 to 0.84 favoring regular medical treatment for management of obesity in case of patients with ADHD. The prevalence of obesity observed in treated ADHD patients was significantly lower compared to that in unmedicated patients. This result suggests that the treatment is not only important for controlling ADHD manifestations but is also associated with lower body mass index. Therefore, further prospective studies with large sample size are required for controlling the confounding factors such as comorbidities and medication status.

Lifelong Premature Ejaculation and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Controlled Study.

In males, one of the most common sexual dysfunction is lifelong premature ejaculation. Sexual dysfunctions, including premature ejaculation, are highly prevalent in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with lifelong premature ejaculation. In this study, 48 patients diagnosed with lifelong premature ejaculation and 40 controls were included. All patients and controls were asked to fill out Wender-Utah Rating Scale-25 and Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale. Patients also filled out the Arabic Index of Premature Ejaculation and Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool. Totally 20 patients (41.66%) with lifelong premature ejaculation and 2 (5%) controls were diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The mean scores of the Wender-Utah Rating Scale-25, Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale, and Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-hyperactivity-impulsivity subscale were higher in the case group (P = .001, P = .001, and P < .001, respectively). No difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of the Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-Inattention subtype (P = .492). In the lifelong premature ejaculation group, 13 patients (65%) diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder were found to be attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-predominantly hyperactivity/impulsivity subtype. The findings of the current study reveal that patients with lifelong premature ejaculation should be assessed carefully in terms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, especially hyperactive and impulsive characteristics, and the relationship between lifelong premature ejaculation and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder should be examined by further studies with large samples.

New Hematological Parameters as Inflammatory Biomarkers: Systemic Immune Inflammation Index, Platerethritis, and Platelet Distribution Width in Patients with Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

ObjectivesThe potential role of neuroinflammation in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients has been investigated with peripheral hemogram-related inflammatory markers. Systemic immune inflammation index (SII) is defined as a new index that has been developed for the balance of inflammatory and immune status.MethodsOur study was based on a prospective routine complete blood count(CBC) analysis of 74 Adult ADHD patients and 70 healthy participants. The DSM-5-Clinician version and Barratt impulsivity scale-11 were used to evaluate the participants.ResultsThere was no statistical difference in the comparison of the SII ratios, platelet distribution width (PDW), and plateretritis (PCT) (p>0.05 for each) in a group of a young adults with ADHD and in a comparison control group. These inflammatory indicators were found to be similar between patients newly diagnosed with ADHD (n=40) and patients using methylphenidate (n=34) (p>0.05 for each). The relationship between ADHD clinical symptoms and severity and inflammation was evaluated. A significant negative correlation was observed between attention deficit scores and PCT (r=−0.301, p=0.009). A positive significant correlation was found between hyperactivity scores and SII (r=0.247, p=0.034). A significant positive correlation was found between Barrat motor scores and PDW(r=241, p=0.038). In the regression analysis, the PCT variable changed the attention deficit variable (β=.33, t(70)= −2.703, p=.009, pr2= .094) predicted negatively and significantly.ConclusionsWe demonstrated the association of SII, which is independently associated with adverse outcomes in many diseases, and the severity of hyperactivity symptoms in adult ADHD. The fact that PCT predicts attention deficit negatively and decisively shows the importance of inflammatory assessments specific to clinical presentations. The critical importance of platelets in inflammatory processes in ADHD has been demonstrated once again with inflammatory markers such as SII, PLT, and PDW, which can be accessed by an easily applicable complete blood count method.

Ultra-stretchable, adhesive, and self-healing MXene/polyampholytes hydrogel as flexible and wearable epidermal sensors

The hydrogel-based epidermal sensors have attracted tremendous attention due to their versatile potential applications in soft robotics, personal healthcare monitoring, and electronic skins. However, it remains a critical challenge for hydrogel-based sensors to simultaneously achieve self-healing capability and adhesiveness for full-scale human motion biomonitoring. Herein, we proposed a multifunctional MXene/polyampholytes nanocomposite hydrogel. The main network of this hydrogel was formed by the one-step radical polymerization of cationic monomer and anionic monomer. The simultaneous strong and weak ionic bonds-based crosslinking inside this hydrogel endowed it outstanding stretchable, tough, self-healing, adhesive properties, while the introduction of MXene further guaranteed the excellent mechanical properties and conductivity of this hydrogel. Our further exploration of this MXene/polyampholytes in the application as wearable epidermal sensor strongly proved its durable accuracy and sensitivity for the detection of human motions. This epidermal sensor also could be assembled to the detector of the daily activity monitor of Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients, which could be utilized to aid the ADHD treatment by remindering the patients to pay attention to their actions. Our work shed a new light on the development of eco-friendly wearable sensor for the personalized healthcare monitoring, human–machine interfaces, and artificial intelligence.